Harvard Guide Referencing Guide
Harvard Referencing
Harvard referencing style is a widely used formatting style in many disciplines. Mostly Harvard referencing is used in social sciences and humanities. However, some business and science disciplines also use Harvard format.
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When using Harvard referencing ensure that you include in-text citations in the body of your paper and a reference list at the end of your work. List all the sources you used when writing your paper in the bibliography section.
Some format differences exist regarding the use of Harvard referencing. They can be institutional or stylistic. Even so, the commonly used format is the one we have provided below.
List the sources you used by the author’s surname and in alphabetical order. If the same person has authored multiples sources, list the sources chronologically according to the year of publication.
Citations can be direct and indirect. Direct citations are direct quotes from a source. You are said to have used an indirect citation when you use the ideas or thoughts of another person in explaining your argument. The page number/s must always be included in your in-text reference for all direct and indirect citations. Place the page number after the year of publication. Double quotation marks should be used to enclose all the sentences that you quote. If you quote more than one sentence, Harvard referencing dictates that you should place the quoted text on a new line instead of using double quotation marks. Indent the quoted text and complete it with the in-text reference. Any new content that you add after the quote should begin on a new line and should not be in indent form.
Examples
Direct: “The 21st century is plagued with natural disasters” (Jonas & Jackson, 2010, p.5).
Indirect: Many natural disasters have occurred in the 21st century (Jonas & Jackson, 2010, p.5).
For authors who are popularly known in their subject field, you can include their name in your writing if you wish to do so. However, you must add the year of publication and the page number.
Example
Carlson (2004, p. 165) argues that human activity is to blame for the global climate change.
If a source has been authored by more than three people, list the surname of the first author only followed by ‘et al.,’, then year, and page number.
Example
Climate change has resulted in glacial retreat in most parts of the world (Petersen et al., 2012, p. 25).
If the page number is not provided, use the name of the author and the year of publication. In cases where the name of the author is also unavailable, use the title of the source instead and put it in italics. The year of publication and the page number do not change.
Example
The sea level rise in the last two decades is almost double that of the last century (Global climate change 2016, p.8).
Books
Citing a Book Authored by One Person Using Harvard Referencing
Author’s last name, Initial of their` first name, Year of publication, Title. Edition (all editions except the first), Name of Publisher, City the book was published.
Example:
Jonas, K., 2010, Natural disasters, Penguin Random House, New York.
Jonas, K., 2010, Natural disasters, 5th ed, Penguin Random House, New York.
Citing Books That Have Been Authored By Two or Three People
Surname of the first author, Initial of their first name., Surname of the second author, Initial of their first name.,& Surname of the third author, Initial of their first name, Year of Publication, Title, Name of Publisher, City the book was published. Example:
Stevens, T. & Johns, C., 2007, The psychology of a narcissist, Random House Publishing Group, New York.
Stewards, K., Harden, J. & Edwards, P., 2010, Understanding the dynamics of relationship abuse, Random House Publishing Group, New York.
Citing Books That Have Been Authored by Four or More People
When four or more people have authored a book, write the name of the first author followed by ‘et al.’ (which stands for ‘and others’) for in-text citations. However, when writing the bibliography, list the names of all the authors as they appear in the original work.
Surname of the first author, Initial of their first name., Surname of the second author, Initial of their first name., Surname of the third author, Initial of their first name., & Surname of the fourth author, Initial of their first name, Year of Publication, Title, Publisher, City the book was published.
Example:
Myles, S., Parker J., Lewis, C. & Hilton, M., 2000, The psychology of abuse, Random House Publishing Group, New York.
Citing a Chapter in a Book That Has Been Edited
If you use a single chapter of a book as a source, give the page range of the chapter (pp.). Always include the edition of the book when citing individual chapters. However, you do not have to do that if the book is in its first edition.
Surname of the author, Initial of the first name, Year of publication, ‘Title of the Chapter,’ In: Editor’s name/s (ed/s), Title of Book, Page/s. Publishing House, City the book was published.
Example:
Thompson, S., 2009, ‘Gas lighting’ In: Murray, C., (ed.), Emotional abuse, pp. 87-107. Random House Publishing Group, New York
Citing Many Different Books Authored by the Same Person
When writing your paper, differentiate the author’s works by year. List them chronologically according to the order of publication. If you use two sources authored by the same person that are published in the same year, add ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ and so forth after the year of publication.
Surname of the author, Initial of the first name, Year of publication, Title, Edition (all other editions except the first), Name of Publisher, City the source was published.
Example:
Straus, J., 2013, Childhood abuse, Random House Publishing Group, New York.
Straus, J., 2014, Verbal abuse, Random House Publishing Group, New York.
Straus, J., 2015a, Emotional abuse, Random House Publishing Group, New York.
Straus, J., 2015b, Narcissistic abuse, Random House Publishing Group, New York.
Articles
Citing Print Journals
Surname of the author, Initial of the first name, Year of publication, ‘Title of the Article,’ Name of the Journal, vol. (Issue), Page/s.
Example:
Hart, M., 2001, ‘Identifying emotional abuse,’ Journal of Psychology, vol. 4 (6), pp. 34- 51.
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved From a Website or Database
For in text citations, cite an online journal article the same way as a print article. In the reference list, however, there will be a few variations.
Surname of the author, Initial of the first name, Year of publication, ‘Title of the article,’ Name of the Journal, vol. (Issue), Page/s. Available from: URL. [Accessed: date].
Example:
Hart, M., 2001, ‘Identifying emotional abuse,’ Journal of Psychology, vol. 4 (6), pp. 34- 51. Available at: www.journalofpsychology.com/hartmemotionalabuse [11 May 2015]
Harvard Referencing for Online or Print Newspaper Articles
Citing newspapers according using Harvard referencing is somewhat similar to citing journal articles in the same format.
Surname of the author, Initial of the first name, Year of publication, ‘Title of the Article,’ Name of the Newspaper, Date, Page/s.
Surname, Initial of the first name, Year of publication, ‘Title of the Article,’ Name of the Newspaper, Date. Retrieved from: Newspaper name/ URL if freely available.
Example:
Taylor, C., 2014, ‘Man shoots wife to death,’ The Washington Post, 5 October, p.3.
Harper, J., 2012, ‘Toxic relationships,’ The Washington Post, 6 January. Available at: www.thewashingtonpostonline.com/toxicrelationships2012 [7 January 2013].
Harvard Referencing For Print or Online Magazine Articles
According to Harvard referencing, the volume number of the magazine is cited.
Surname of the author, Initial of the first name, Year of Publication, ‘Title of the Article,’ Name of the Magazine, volume number (issue number), Page/s.
Surname of the author, Initial of the first name, Year of publication, ‘Title of the Article,’ Name of Magazine, Page/s. Available from: electronic database name.
Example:
Gordon, S., 2011, ‘Ways of spotting a narcissist,’ Mental Health Magazine, vol. 4 (8), pp. 12-14.
Gordon, S., 2014, ‘Thriving after narcissistic abuse,’ Mental Health Magazine, August 15, p.6. Available from: Healthymind. [15 August 2014]
Online sources
Citing Websites According to Harvard Referencing
It is essential to find out the authorship of a website before citing it. If you find an article on a website that is not an online journal or a newspaper/magazine site, ordinarily, the authorship is ascribed to an individual, an organization or a website name.
Author/ Organization responsible for the website, Year, Title of the web document/page, Last updated: if this information is available or the year the site was created, Name of the sponsor of the source. Available from: URL. [Accessed date: Day/Month/Year].
Example:
MentalDisorders 2016, Parenting and Personality Disorders, 15 July 2016, Mental Health Today. Available from: www.mentaldisordersarticles.com/parentingandpersonalitydisorders. [8 February 2017].
Citing Social Media using Harvard Referencing
Surname of the author, Initial of their first name, Year, Page Title [Social media format], Day/month/year written. Available from: URL. [Accessed: Day/Month/Year].
Example:
White, J., 2012, Mental wellness group, Facebook post, 9 March 2012. Available from: www.facebook.com/mentalwellnessgroupwhitej2012. [15 October 2013].
Images/visual mediums
Citing Films/Videos/DVDs According to Harvard Referencing
Title of Film/Video/DVD in Full, Year of release, Director [Type of Medium]. Country of Origin: Film studio or maker. (Any other relevant details).
Example:
Rethinking Narcissistic Personality Disorder, 2015, Directed by M. Phillip [DVD]. U.S.A: Warner Bros Studios.
Citing YouTube Videos According to Harvard Referencing
Contributor’s Username Year, Video Title, Series Title (if relevant), Type of medium, Day it was available online. Available from: URL. [Accessed: Day/ Month/ Year].
Example:
Overcomingabuse 2015, How to deal with narcissistic abuse, YouTube video, 10 April. Available from: www.youtube.com/overcomingabusedealingwithnarcissisticabuse. [15 September 2017].
Citing Television Programs According to Harvard Referencing
Program name Year, Type of broadcast, Broadcasting channel, Date of transmission.
Example:
Mental Wellness 2014, television program, BBC 2 Television, 13 April. .
Harvard Referencing for Print or Online Images/Photographs
Surname of artist/photographer, initial of their first name (if available), Year of production, Image Title, Type of medium. Available from: URL. Accessed (Day/Month/Year).
Example:
Jackson, D., 2012, The two faced human, image. Available from: http://www.pyschophotographylibraries.com/photos/5239p98/. [7 November 2015].
Citing Wiki Using Harvard Referencing Style
Example:
Customer loyalty 2015, Wikiversity, wiki, 5 February 2017. Available from: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/customer_loyalty. [1 March 2017].
Harvard Referencing for Podcasts
Author’s name, Year, Programme title, Type of medium, Broadcasting organization/s, Place, Date of transmission. Available at: URL [Accessed date: Day/Month/Year].
Example:
Gillard, T., 2016, Coping techniques, audio podcast, XYZ Radio, New York, 22 June. Available from: www.psychotherapypodcasts.com/mentalhealthcopingtechniques. [5 September 2017].
Other Sources
Citing Conference Papers and Proceedings According to Harvard Referencing
Print Conference Proceeding Paper
Example:
Stanley, L. & Stewart, P., 2012, ‘Minimizing the scale and impact of climate change,’ Geneva Institute- United Nations Environmental Conference: proceedings of a conference, Geneva Institute of Environmental Science, Switzerland, pp. 34-58.
Conference Proceeding Paper: Electronic
Example
Bethany, M & Jorden, A., 2004, ‘Recognizing signs of abusive relationships,’ Proceedings of the tenth national conference on domestic violence, pp. 45-67. Available from: PTY Digital Library. [10 August 2006].
Conference Proceeding Paper: Unpublished
Example
Meyer, D & Owen, J., 2012, ‘Renal Protection in Compartment Syndrome,’ paper presented to the European Sports Medicine Congress, Spain, 7- 9 September.
Harvard Referencing for Dissertations
Published Thesis
Surname of author, initial of their first name, Year, Title of dissertation, Degree Level, Name of Publisher, The official name of university.
Example:
Stephen, J., 2004, Electroconvulsive therapy, Ph.D. thesis, HarperCollins Publishers, University of New Brunswick.
Unpublished Thesis
Surname of author, initial of their first name, Year, Title of dissertation, Degree Level, The official name of university.
Stephen, J., 2004, Electroconvulsive therapy, Ph.D. thesis, University of New Brunswick.
Thesis Retrieved From Database
Surname of author, initial of their first name, Year, Title of dissertation, Degree Level, The official name of university. Available from: Database name. Accessed [Day/ Month/ Year].
Stephen, J., 2004, Electroconvulsive therapy, Ph.D. thesis, University of New Brunswick. Available from: ReadFile. [8 October 2005]
Citing Presentations/Lectures According to Harvard Referencing
Lecture Notes
Surname of author, initial of their first name, Year, Presentation/lecture title, The class where the notes were distributed. Available from: URL
Example:
Browder, B., 2009, Genetics and Mental Disorders, lecture notes distributed in Psychology 100. Available from: www.psy.uun.edu.com
PowerPoint Presentation
Example
Browder, B., 2009, Psychology 100, PowerPoint presentation, PCLY4567: Understanding Mental Illness, The University of North Carolina. Available from: http:// www.psy.uun.edu.com. [8 November 2009].
Harvard Referencing for a Blog
Author’s surname, initial of first name, Year, ‘Title of blog,’ Name of blog, blog post, Date of publication. Available from: URL. Accessed (Day/Month/Year).
Example:
Freeman, L., 2016, ‘Exponential technological advancements in the last 15 years,’ WorldTech American Blog, blog post, 25 May. Available from: http://www.worldtech.org.au/blog/exponential-technological-advancements-15 years/. [14 August 2016].
Citing Computer Programs/Software According to Harvard Referencing
Name of Developer/Creator, Software/program Name, Year, Type of program, Name of Company/publisher, Place/city where software was written.
Example:
Innovative Solutions 2010, Comptech X9.2.1, software program, Innovative Solutions, New York.
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