Chicago Referencing Guide

CHICAGO REFERENCING GUIDE

Chicago referencing style was published by the University of Chicago in 1906 and has since been widely used in publications globally. Knowledge of referencing and particularly, Chicago referencing is compulsory to all scholars as any work submitted devoid of a reference list is termed incomplete and can be termed plagiarized. As a student it is nearly impossible to master all rules regarding reference style, but we at All Homework Solutions offer an elaborate guide to go about any referencing style.

Introduction to Chicago Referencing Style

Chicago referencing focuses on two main style that is, Notes-Bibliography System and in- text citations. Notes-bibliography system is commonly applied in the following disciplines: Literature, arts and history. As you research further you may come across a Chicago referencing style known as Author Date System that is preferred in social sciences.

Chicago referencing style focuses on grammar and its usage and the overall documentation thus earning the name “Editors Bible”.

Notes and Bibliography

As mentioned above it is often used in humanities. Writers reference using footnotes and endnotes citation through bibliography pages. Writers are able to comment on the cited sources making it a favorite to use in history essays where opinion counts. It is very much preferred as it ensures credibility of the cited sources reducing plagiarism cases.

Footnotes in Chicago referencing are added at the end of the page on which the sources are referenced.

In Chicago referencing endnotes are compiled at the end of the chapter or the entire document.

The footnote and endnote begin with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then space.

Bibliographies

Chicago referencing provides an alphabetical list of all sources listed in the work. It is usually at the end of the work before the index.

Features

Author’s name: The last name appears first and it is separated by the first comma. For example, Maya Angelou becomes Angelou, Maya.

Titles: Titles of books and journals are italicized.

Punctuation: Major elements are separated using periods.

GENERAL FORMAT GUIDELINES

Chicago referencing style is used mostly for published works. For students who would like to compare the difference in style among referencing styles, All Homework Solutions offers a style handbook that has proved very helpful in the academic field.

Below is a guide:

• The typeface font to be used is Times New Roman or Courier.

• The title should be centered a third down the page.

• The name of the student, date and class should appear.

• Margins should be less than 1 point.

• Font 12 is preferred as it legible.

• The text should be double- spaced uniformly through the text.

• Page numbers are written in Arabic and appear from the first page in the header.

• In cases of subtitles, end the title with a colon and write the subtitle below the title.

Use of Quotations in Chicago Referencing Guide

• Indent all block quotations

• All quotations begin on a new line.

• In cases of poetry, two lines or more should be blocked.

• A quotation above five lines, that is termed as prose must be blocked.

• Avoid use of quotation marks.

MAIN BODY

The main body is where arguments and evidence are presented, therefore, most work will be cited here. Below is a brief glimpse of how to go about citing using Chicago referencing:

• Titles of books and journals are italicized

• Articles and chapter titles are enclosed in quotation marks

• In the instances of short poems, it is enclosed in quotation marks whereas long poems are italicized.

• Titles in the text and bibliography are capitalized.

REFERENCES

In Chicago referencing, the reference section is unique in a few aspects as compared to other styles. Many a times students find it confusing and cumbersome, at this point you can always seek professional input from All Homework Solutions who will delivery efficiently, ensuring your reference section is comprehensible.

• Ensure that you start your references on a new sheet. The list of your sources should be termed Bibliography for Notes and Bibliography style and References for Author Date style.

• In the first entry enter two blank lines before typing Bibliography.

• Leave one line between entries.

• Entries use alphabetical order.

• Use “and” not ampersand (&) with entries with multiple authors.

• In cases of two or three authors write all their names.

• Publisher’s names must be written in full.

• In cases where you are uncertain of a page number use volume(vol) or section(sec).

• In cases of four to ten authors, write out all the authors names in the bibliography but in-text citations use the first authors name plus “et al”.

FOOTNOTES

• Note numbers begin with “1” and follow successively throughout the text.

• Note numbers are superscripted and placed at the end of the text to which they refer to and follow after all punctuation except the dash.

• Note numbers are full sized and formatted flush left.

CHICAGO REFERENCING OVERVIEW

Chicago referencing is used when the writer gets information from the following sources:

• Books

• Periodicals

• Web sources

• Audiovisual recordings

• Interviews and personal communication

• Public lectures and presentations

1. BOOKS

1. Book by one author

In Chicago referencing style, the footnote style is as follows: Last name, first name. Title. Edition (all except first edition). (City of publication: Publisher, Year).

Example: Jack, Kerouac. The Dharma Bums (New York: Viking Press, 1958)

The in-text style follows this sequence: Last name, first name. Year. Title. Edition (all except first edition). City of publication: Publisher.

Example: Jack, Kerouac. 1958. The Dharma Bums. New York: Viking Press.

2. Book by two or three authors

Chicago referencing can be quite complicated especially in instances with more than one author however writers should worry not as All Homework Solutions have a subtle guide for you.

Chicago referencing footnote style is as follows: Last name, first name and last name, first name. Title. Edition (if not the first). (City of Publication: Publication, year)

Example: Scott Lash and John Urry, Economies of Signs and Space. (London: Sage Publications, 1994)

In-text style citation: Last name, first name and last name, first name. Year. Title. Edition (if not the first). City of Publication: Publisher.

3. Book by four or more authors

When citing four or more authors in Chicago referencing take note that in the in-text citations you will only mention the fist name followed by “et al.”. However, in the bibliography ensure you mention all authors.

Footnote style sequence: Last name, first name and last name, first name. Title. Edition (if not the first). (City of Publication: Publication, year)

In-text style sequence: Last name, first name and last name, first name. Year. Title. Edition (if not the first). City of Publication: Publication.

4. Multiple books by the same authors

Chicago referencing dictates that the texts are differentiated by year and arranged chronologically according to publication. In Chicago referencing publications in the same year will be denoted by the letters, ‘a’, ‘b’ consecutively.

Footnote style sequence: Last name, first name. Title. Edition (all except first edition). (City of publication: Publisher, Year).

For example:

Angelou, Maya. And Still I Rise. (London: Virago, 1978).

Angelou, Maya. On the Pulse of Morning. (London: Virago, 1993).

In-text style example:

Angelou, Maya. 1978 And Still I Rise. London: Virago,

Angelou, Maya.1993 On the Pulse of Morning. London: Virago

2. PERIODICALS

Chicago referencing is used for periodicals that include: online journals, printed journals, magazines and newspapers.

1. Print Journals

In Chicago referencing of journals, the following entries must be observed:

• Authors name: The authors name should be written as it appears in the article, however inverted in the bibliography list.

• Article Title: In Chicago referencing the article title is put in quotation marks.

• Journal Title: The title is italicized and capitalized headline-style.

• Issue Information: In Chicago referencing the title is followed by the volume number with no punctuation and it is italicized. The issue number is usually separated from the volume number by a comma and is preceded by ‘no’.

Example: Susan Peck MacDonald, “The Erasure of Language,” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 619.

Footnote style

Last name, First initial. “Article Title,” Journal name, Volume. Issue (Year): Page/s.

In-text style

Last name, First initial. Year. “Article Title,” Journal name, Volume. Issue: Page/s.

Example: Susan Peck, MacDonald. 2007. “The Erasure of Language,” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4: 619.

2. Online Journals

In Chicago referencing for online journals, you should include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) otherwise the format is similar to printed journals.

For example:

Footnote style

Last name, First initial. “Article Title.” Journal name, Volume. Issue (Year): Page/s. Accessed: date, DOI/ URL.

 1. Henry E. Bent, “Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree,” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 141, accessed December 4, 2017, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.

In-text style

Last name, First initial. Year. “Article Title,” Journal name, Volume. Issue: Page/s. Accessed: date. DOI or URL.

 1. Henry E. Bent,2007. “Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree,” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4): 141, accessed December 4, 2017, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.

3. Newspaper and Magazine Citation

Newspaper citations are similar to journal articles in Chicago referencing except in formatting.

Footnote style

Last name, First name. ‘Article title.’ Newspaper name, Date published, Page/s.

Last name, First name. ‘Article Title.’ Newspaper name, Date published, Page/s. Accessed: Date. <URL>. Example:

1. Barron, Young Smith, “Date Local: The case against long-distance relationships.” Green Room, Slate, February 4, 2009, http://www.slate.com/id/2202431/.

In-text style

Last name, First name. Year. ‘Article title.’ Newspaper name, Date published, Page/s.

Last name, First name. Year. ‘Article Title.’ Newspaper name, Date published, Page/s. Accessed: date. <URL>.

Barron, Young Smith, 2009. “Date Local: The case against long-distance relationships.” Green Room, Slate, February 4, http://www.slate.com/id/2202431/.

3. WEBSITES

In Chicago referencing ensure the certainty of the author of the website.

Footnote style

Author/Source if no specific author, “Title of web document/page,” Website name if different than author name, Date last updated if available. Accessed: date. <URL>

Example:

“Illinois Governor Wants to ‘Fumigate’ State’s Government,” CNN online, last modified January 30, 2009, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/30/illinois.governor.quinn/.

In-text style

Author/Source if no specific author, Year. “Title of web document/page,” Website name if different than author name, Date last updated if available. Accessed: date. <URL>

4. AUDIOVISUAL RECORDINGS

Footnote style

Full Title of Film/Video/DVD, directed by Name of Director. Year; City/country of origin: film studio or distributor, Year of medium release if appropriate. Medium.

Example:

Joe Versus the Volcano, directed by John Patrick Shanley (1990; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2002), DVD.

In-text style

Full Title of Film/Video/DVD. Year. Directed by Name of Director. City/country of origin: film studio or distributor, Year of medium release if appropriate. Medium.

Example:

Joe Versus the Volcano. 1990. directed by John Patrick Shanley. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2002. DVD.

5. CITATION FOR INTERVIEWS

In Chicago referencing, Personal interviews hardly occur in the bibliography lists. The name of the person being interviewed is used first.

Footnote style

Last name of interviewer, first name. Interview with Interviewee’s name. Publication Details if applicable. Location, Day Month Year.

Example:

Carrie, Rodriguez. Interview by Cuz Frost, Acoustic Café, 88.3 WGWG FM, November 20, 2008.

In-text style

Last name of interviewer, first name. Year. Interview with Interviewee’s name. Publication Details if applicable. Day Month. Location.

Example

Carrie, Rodriguez.2008. Interview by Cuz Frost, 88.3 WGWG FM, November 20. Acoustic Café

SUMMARY

Chicago referencing is a broad subject. This guide has managed to summarize the major aspects that writers came across. If at any point your bot sure how to go about certain aspects in Chicago referencing, feel free to reach out to All Homework Solutions who will guide you through the process.

All the best as you draft your publication.