‘Beyond the direct and indirect harms of hate crime are the cultural harms caused by public expressions of prejudice. A demonstration of identity-based hostility not only attacks groups of people, but it undermines society’s political commitments to equality, respect and dignity.’
Mark A. Walters, Susann Wiedlitzka and Abenaa Owusu-Bempah, with Kay Goodall, Hate Crime and the Legal Process: Options for Law Reform (University of Sussex, 2017), p. 129.
Critically evaluate the claim that hate crimes cause a distinct harm to social equality, in addition to harms caused to the direct victim.
Clearly established FOR & AGAINST argument
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